Advanced Communication and Control Methods for Future Smart Grid

The reliability of intelligent electronic device (IED) function that ensures a particular disturbance will disconnect as fast enough from the healthy network to mitigate the effect of the fault is directly related to the reliability of the electrical system. This work aims to test the performance and comparison between the developed Light weight IED and different commercial IEDs from different vendor. The developed light weight IEDs are implemented on a microcontroller as well as on an FPGA. The test set-up is implemented by the Hardware-In-the-Loop platform. The simulation platform is OPAL-RT’s eMEGASIM. The results shows the performance of the FPGA to be better than microcontroller and other commercial IEDs when comparing results.© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Spectrum Sensing Techniqes in Cognitive Radio: Cyclostationary Method

Cognitive Radios promise to be a major shift in wireless communications based on developing a novel approach which attempt to reduce spectrum scarcity that growing up in the past and waited to increase in the future. Since formulating stages for increasing interest in wireless application proves to be extremely challenging, it is growing rapidly. Initially this growth leads to huge demand for the radio spectrum. The novelty of this approach needs to optimize the spectrum utilization and find the efficient way for sharing the radio frequencies through spectrum sensing process. Spectrum sensing is one of the most significant tasks that allow cognitive radio functionality to implement and one of the most challenging tasks. A main challenge in sensing process arises from the fact that, detecting signals with a very low SNR in back ground of noise or severely masked by interference in specific time based on high reliability. This thesis describes the fundamental cognitive radio system aspect based on design and implementation by connecting between the theoretical and practical issue. Efficient method for sensing and detecting are studied and discussed through two fast methods of computing the spectral correlation density function, the FFT Accumulation Method and the Strip Spectral Correlation Algorithm. Several simulations have been performed to show the ability and performance of studied algorithms.fi=Opinnäytetyö kokotekstinä PDF-muodossa.|en=Thesis fulltext in PDF format.|sv=Lärdomsprov tillgängligt som fulltext i PDF-format

On reliability and performance analyses of IEC 61850 for digital SAS

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Monitoring and Protection of Power Distribution Networks with IEC 61850-9-2 Standard

In the modern power grid, communication plays a vital role in making the system more reliable and secure. The communications network transfers data between different units to a control center or to Intelligent Electric Devices (IEDs) in order to accurately control or protect the modern power system. The paper discussed possible ways to monitor the measured values for protecting the power system according to IEC 61850-9-2 (sample value). The sequence of the process consists of streaming the sample value packet, decoding it, and phasor extraction and filtering, which are discussed here. To validate the research, Sundom Smart Grid was used as a pilot to measure the values converted to digital form (IEC 61850-9-2) and to stream it to the system through a highly secure communications network. To decode the SV packet, two scenarios are presented in the case study, based on processing useful features of the IEC 61850-9-2 standard-based raw data streamed from the SSG, including μPMU in a range of embedded instruments and a real-time simulator. The main result of this paper is an algorithm for analyzing SV packets and determining whether the network is operating normally.©2020 IET. This paper is a postprint of a paper submitted to and accepted for publication in 15th International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection (DPSP 2020) and is subject to Institution of Engineering and Technology Copyright. The copy of record is available at the IET Digital Library.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Towards Establishing Principles for Designing Cybersecurity Simulations of Cyber-Physical Artefacts in Real-Time Simulation

Our modern world is dependent on cyber-physical artefacts (e.g., smart grids, cars, mobile phones). Those artefacts are being attacked by cyber-criminals entailing substantial harm to individuals, organizations, and governments. Those artefacts need to be designed properly to prevent and recover from inevitable cyberattacks. We offer a solution based on a RealTime Simulator (RTS). Our solution is meta-principles for using RTS when designing simulations in Cyber-Physical artefacts. Our solution considers both social and technical layers of cyber-physical artefacts

Develop a Cyber Physical Security Platform for Supporting Security Countermeasure for Digital Energy System

The paper develops a cyber physical system (CPS) security platform for supporting security countermeasures for digital energy systems based on real-time simulators. The CPS platform provides functions that trainers or trainees can be able to operate and test their scenarios with a state-of-the-art integrated solution running at a real-time simulator. Those integrated solutions include energy systems simulation software and communication systems simulation/emulation software. The platform provides practical “hand-on-experiences” for participants and they are able to test, monitor and predict behaviors of both systems at the same time. The platform also helps achieve training’s objectives that meet skilled requirements for the future generation in both smart energy systems evaluation and cyber physical security fields. In particular, we present the CPS platform’s architecture and its functionalities. The developed CPS platform has also been validated and tested within different simulated threat cases and systems.©2022 Mike Mekkanen, Tero Vartiainen, Duong Dang. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Towards Establishing Principles for Designing Cybersecurity Simulations of Cyber-Physical Artefacts in Real-Time Simulation

Our modern world is dependent on cyber-physical artefacts (e.g., smart grids, cars, mobile phones). Those artefacts are being attacked by cyber-criminals entailing substantial harm to individuals, organizations, and governments. Those artefacts need to be designed properly to prevent and recover from inevitable cyberattacks. We offer a solution based on a RealTime Simulator (RTS). Our solution is meta-principles for using RTS when designing simulations in Cyber-Physical artefacts. Our solution considers both social and technical layers of cyber-physical artefacts.©2021 the Authors.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Intelligent Micro Grid Controller Development for Hardware-in-the-loop Micro Grid Simulation Subject to Cyber-Attacks

This paper develops Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation against cyber attacks. We design a light-weight intelligent electronic device (IED) that performs Micro Grid Controller (MGC), interfaces are developed based on International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850 GOOSE protocol from/to the real-time simulation and the MGC. They are executed on two equipment stages, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and BeagleBoneBlack. CSIL versus CHIL tests are used to evaluate the Micro Grid (MG) behavior against different cyber attacks. We also evaluate the MGC designed control function in accordance with IEC 61850 GOOSE protocol. The results show that the light-weight MGC approach and data modeling of various IEC 61850 predefined data objects, data attributes and logical nodes (LNs) are correct for the design of the power balance control/protection function against cyber attacks in various cyber-attack case studies.©2022 Mike Mekkanen, Tero Vartiainen, Kimmo Kauhaniemi, Duong Dang. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Light-weight IEC 61850 GOOSE based LoM protection for smart grid

This paper presents a novel Loss of Mains (LoM) protection method based on IEC 61850 General Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) protocol. With the increased penetration of distributed generation (DG), the requirements for LoM or anti-islanding protection has become common in the electric utilities. The development of Smart Grids including extensive communication capabilities enables also communication based LoM approaches. Since IEC 61850 standard based systems are the mainstream in the substation communication, expanding this technology deeper in the distribution network provides interesting solution for communication based LoM protection. The standard IEC 61850-7-420 defines logical nodes (LNs) suitable for this purpose but there are not yet available devices applying this part of the standard. Therefore in this research, a light-weight 61850 GOOSE based LoM solution has been developed and demonstrated applying a microcontroller and available open source software. This paper introduces object modeling according to IEC 61850-7-420 defined LNs and an implementation applying GOOSE messages and microcontroller. The validity of the light-weight implementation is demonstrated with a simple laboratory setup that has been used for measuring the message latencies.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Towards A Massive Open Online Course for Cybersecurity in Smart Grids – A Roadmap Strategy

The major trends and transformations in energy systems have brought many challenges, and cybersecurity and operational security are among the most important issues to consider. First, due to the criticality of the energy sector. Second, due to the lack of smart girds’ cybersecurity professionals. Previous research has highlighted skill gaps and shortage in cybersecurity training and education in this sector. Accordingly, we proceeded by crafting a roadmap strategy to foster cybersecurity education in smart grids. This paper outlines the methodology of teaching cybersecurity in smart grids to a large group of students in selected European universities via implementing a Massive Open Online Course. Unlike other solutions, this one focuses on hands-on practical skills without trading-off theoretical knowledge. Thus, flipped learning methodology and gamification practices were used to maximize retention rate. Also, a remote lab that includes a real-time simulator was established for training. Here, the process, outcome, and obstacles to overcome in future deployments, are presented.©2022 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed